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Gravestone of “Elisa Monamoli, 1890- 1901” from the black concentration camp at Brandfort


During the South African War concentration camps and forced labour camps were also established for black civilians, who had largely come from farms, homes in villages and mission stations. Inmates of these camps had to see to their own food and shelter.  British authorities reasoned that the war was not being waged against them in particular, and that they were free to earn an income by working for the British army.

About 140 000 black people were incarcerated in black concentration camps in the Transvaal and the Orange Free State. Record keeping in the black camps was notoriously poor, but an estimated 24 000 black people are thought to have died in the 65 black camps. This gravestone of Elisa Monamoli from the black concentration camp (Nooitgedacht) at Brandfort symbolises the thousands of black children that died during the war that were never recorded.